CELL INTELLIGENCE · 肿瘤细胞治疗研究
肿瘤细胞治疗研究
英文原题：A review on CRISPR/Cas: a versatile tool for cancer screening, diagnosis, and clinic treatment.
A review on CRISPR/Cas: a versatile tool for cancer screening, diagnosis, and clinic treatment.
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癌症是全球主要死亡原因之一，且发病率呈上升趋势。然而，在过去几十年中，随着癌症筛查、诊断和治疗新技术的快速发展和旧技术的改进，癌症导致的死亡率迅速下降，癌症患者的生存时间得到延长。
然而，目前的死亡率仍约为50%，且存活患者常遭受当前癌症治疗副作用的困扰。最近开发的获得诺贝尔奖的CRISPR/Cas技术为癌症筛查、早期诊断、临床治疗以及新药开发提供了新的希望。目前，四种主要的CRISPR/Cas9衍生基因组编辑器——CRISPR/Cas9核苷酸序列编辑器、CRISPR/Cas碱基编辑器（BE）、CRISPR先导编辑器（PE）和CRISPR干扰（CRISPRi）（包括CRISPRa和CRISPRr）——已被充分开发并应用于各种研究和应用，包括癌症生物学研究以及癌症筛查、诊断和治疗。
此外，CRISPR/Cas12和CRISPR/Cas13基因组编辑器也广泛用于癌症相关的基础和应用研究以及治疗。癌症相关SNPs和基因突变以及癌基因和抑癌基因是CRISPR/Cas基因治疗癌症的完美靶点。CRISPR/Cas还被用于修饰和生成新的嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T细胞，以提高其安全性、效率并延长其持久性，用于治疗各种癌症。目前，已有许多基于CRISPR的基因治疗癌症的临床试验。尽管所有基于CRISPR/Cas的基因组和表观基因组工具都是癌症生物学研究和治疗的有前景的方法，但效率和长期安全性仍是基于CRISPR的基因治疗的主要关注点。开发新的CRISPR/Cas递送方法并减少潜在副作用，包括脱靶影响，将增强CRISPR/Cas在癌症相关研究、诊断和治疗中的应用。
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and it has the trend of increase incidence.
However, in the past decades, as quickly developed new technologies and modified old techniques for cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment, the cancer-caused mortality rates dropped quickly, and the survival times of cancer patients are enhanced.
However, the current death rate is still about 50% and the survival patients always suffer from the side effect of current cancer treatments. Recently developed Nobel Prize-winning CRISPR/Cas technology provides new hope on cancer screening, early diagnosis, and clinic treatment as well as new drug development.
Currently, four major CRISPR/Cas9-derived genome editors, CRISPR/Cas9 nucleotide sequence editor, CRISPR/Cas base editor (BE), CRISPR prime editor (PE), and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) (including both CRISPRa and CRISPRr), were well developed and used to various research and applications, including cancer biology study and cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
Additionally, CRISPR/Cas12 and CRISPR/Cas13 genome editors were also widely used in cancer-related basic and applied research as well as treatment. Cancer-associated SNPs and genetic mutations as well as both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are perfect targets for CRISPR/Cas-based gene therapy for cancer treatment. CRISPR/Cas is also employed to modify and generate new Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells for improving its safety, efficiency, and longer-time last for treating various cancers.
Currently, there are many clinic trails of CRISPR-based gene therapy for cancer treatments. Although all CRISPR/Cas-derived genome and epigenome tools are promising methods for cancer biology study and treatment, the efficiency and long term-safety are still the major concerns for CRISPR-based gene therapy. Developing new CRISPR/Cas delivery methods and reducing the potential side effects, including off-target impacts, will enhance CRISPR/Cas application in cancer-related research, diagnosis, and therapeutical treatment.
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