结直肠癌中新兴的免疫治疗策略：从检查点抑制剂到 CAR-T 细胞与病毒载体疫苗

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across different electronics databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect utilizing keywords colorectal cancer immunotherapy, PD-1 / PD-L1, CAR-T cells, viral vector vaccines, carcinoembryonic antigen alone and in combinations.

PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown long-term responses, especially in mismatch repair-deficient and microsatellite instability-high tumours, and cell-based therapies such as CAR -T cells and dendritic cell vaccines provide other opportunities of personalised immune modulation. DISCUSSION: This critical review summarizes the current developments in terms of immunotherapy and interventions of CRC with a focus on the mechanistic understanding of the issue, clinical outcomes, and combinatorial strategies aimed to improve antitumor immunity and surmount therapy resistance. Specific attention is paid to the optimization of the checkpoint blockade, innovations with vaccines and CAR-T engineering to accumulate and release tumor-specific cells and control the microenvironment. Finally, key translational challenges current clinical trials, and future perspectives are identified to promote the development of the next-generation multimodal therapies in the efficient and customized management of CRC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4) are highly efficient in treating MSI-H/dMMR colorectal cancer.CAR-T cell therapy target CEA and NKG2D show potential anti-tumor effectiveness in initial CRC studies.Vaccines based on dendritic cells and viral vectors promote antigen-specific immune responses and treatment outcomes.