肿瘤细胞治疗研究
英文原题：Unconventional T cells in urological cancers: catch them if you can.
这些非常规T细胞亚群为新的诊断和治疗策略提供了基础。
非常规T细胞——包括γδ T细胞、黏膜相关恒定T细胞、自然杀伤T细胞、双阳性（CD4⁺CD8⁺）和双阴性（CD4⁻CD8⁻）T淋巴细胞——是泌尿系统肿瘤免疫监视中一个尚未被充分探索的组成部分。与常规αβ T细胞不同，这些细胞群体主要识别非肽类抗原，且不依赖于经典主要组织相容性复合体限制，从而能够对组织及肿瘤微环境中的细胞应激、微生物信号和代谢失调做出快速反应。新出现的证据表明，每个亚群在前列腺癌、膀胱癌和肾细胞癌中均表现出情境依赖性行为，涵盖从细胞毒性到免疫调节的不同功能。总体而言，这些非常规T细胞亚群为新型诊断和治疗策略提供了基础。目前正在临床试验中开展的联合方案——整合检查点阻断、过继细胞转移或基于卡介苗的免疫治疗——可借助关于这些细胞如何识别肿瘤细胞或被肿瘤细胞塑造的新兴见解来指导。涉及非常规T细胞的机制性和转化性研究正在加速推进，最终可能重新定义泌尿系统肿瘤的免疫靶向策略。
Unconventional T cells - including γδ T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, natural killer T cells, double-positive (CD4⁺CD8⁺) and double-negative (CD4 - CD8 - ) T lymphocytes - are an underexplored component of immune surveillance in urological cancers. Unlike conventional αβ T cells, these populations recognize mainly non-peptidic antigens independently of classic major histocompatibility complex restriction, enabling rapid responses to cellular stress, microbial cues and metabolic dysregulation within tissues and the tumour microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that each subset exhibits context-dependent behaviour across prostate cancer, bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma, ranging from cytotoxic to immunoregulatory. Together, these unconventional T cell subsets offer a foundation for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Combination approaches currently in clinical trials that integrate checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell transfer or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-based immunotherapy could be guided by emerging insights into how these cells recognize or are shaped by tumour cells. Research in mechanistic and translational studies involving unconventional T cells is gaining momentum and could ultimately redefine immune targeting in urological cancers.
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