肿瘤细胞治疗研究
英文原题：The dynamic role of immune checkpoint molecules in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of head and neck cancers.
然而，在复发或转移性HNSCC中，免疫治疗的总体缓解率在14-32%之间，临床缓解和治疗成功难以预测。
头颈癌（HNC）是第六大常见癌症类型，全球范围内导致约277,597例死亡。近期，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）已批准靶向程序性死亡-1（PD-1）和程序性死亡配体1（PD-L1）的免疫检查点阻断（ICB）药物作为头颈部鳞状细胞癌（HNSCC）的治疗方案。研究报道了免疫检查点抑制剂作为靶向治疗方案的疗效，能够激发针对HNSCC肿瘤的免疫应答。然而，在复发或转移性HNSCC中，免疫治疗的总体缓解率在14-32%之间波动，临床缓解和治疗成功难以预测。基于这一认识，理解T细胞、NK 细胞和抗原呈递细胞在调节免疫治疗应答中的作用至关重要。因此，这些免疫分子可作为预后和预测性生物标志物，有助于纵向监测和理解治疗动态。这些免疫生物标志物可为HNSCC的个性化监测和管理铺平道路。在本综述中，我们旨在提供关于免疫细胞刺激性和抑制性分子作为HNC预后和预测性生物标志物的作用机制、表达及临床应用的最新免疫学见解。本综述主要聚焦于CD27和CD137（TNF受体超家族成员）、自然杀伤组2成员D（NKG2D）、肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员4（TNFRSF4或OX40）、S100蛋白、PD-1、PD-L1、PD-L2、T细胞免疫球蛋白和黏蛋白结构域3（TIM-3）、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（CTLA-4）、淋巴细胞活化基因3（LAG-3）、吲哚胺-吡咯2,3-双加氧酶（IDO）、B和T淋巴细胞衰减因子（BTLA）。本综述还强调了T细胞、NK 细胞和抗原呈递细胞作为稳健的生物标志物工具，对于理解基于免疫检查点抑制剂的治疗动态具有重要意义。尽管本综述较为全面，但未能涵盖免疫分子的所有方面，因为这些内容超出了本综述的范围；进一步的综述文章可以涵盖其他方面，以弥合知识空白。
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common cancer type, accounting for approximately 277,597 deaths worldwide. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) agents targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a treatment regimen for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Studies have reported the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors as targeted therapeutic regimens that unleash the immune response against HNSCC tumors. However, the overall response rates to immunotherapy vary between 14-32% in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC, with clinical response and treatment success being unpredictable. Keeping this perspective in mind, it is imperative to understand the role of T cells, natural killer cells, and antigen-presenting cells in modulating the immune response to immunotherapy. In lieu of this, these immune molecules could serve as prognostic and predictive biomarkers to facilitate longitudinal monitoring and understanding of treatment dynamics. These immune biomarkers could pave the path for personalized monitoring and management of HNSCC. In this review, we aim to provide updated immunological insight on the mechanism of action, expression, and the clinical application of immune cells' stimulatory and inhibitory molecules as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in HNC. The review is focused mainly on CD27 and CD137 (members of the TNF-receptor superfamily), natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (TNFRSF4 or OX40), S100 proteins, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). It also highlights the importance of T, natural killer, and antigen-presenting cells as robust biomarker tools for understanding immune checkpoint inhibitor-based treatment dynamics. Though a comprehensive review, all aspects of the immune molecules could not be covered as they were beyond the scope of the review; Further review articles can cover other aspects to bridge the knowledge gap.
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