CELL INTELLIGENCE · 肿瘤细胞治疗研究

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of mortality in men. It originates in the prostate glands and may be influenced by genetic factors, ethnicity, diet, age, and other factors. METHODS: Consequently, the diagnosis of PC occurs at an advanced stage, which shows high mortality in men. The existing therapies, chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy, have shown limited success. Comparatively, nanotechnology-based approaches are more effective and extend survival rates than conventional ones. RESULTS: The state-of-the-art review explores the novel biomarkers that indicate the disease condition before its progression. The novel biomarkers are the Prostate Health Index (PHI), STHLM3, PCA3, TMPRSS2-ERG Fusion, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB), Microsatellite Instability (MSI), Androgen Receptor (AR) Mutations, etc. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have gained tremendous significance in tumor therapy and markedly improved survival rates. The adverse effects observed in conventional therapy are circumvented using immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Recently, novel patent innovations were reported for PC (US 20240319192 A1, US 20240309090 A1, US 20250075278 A1, US 20240181092 A1). DISCUSSION: The novel immunotherapy approaches utilized for PC comprised immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4 inhibitors), Vaccines, and Adoptive Cell Therapy (CAR-T Cells). Similarly, targeted therapy includes Androgen Receptor Signaling Inhibitors, PARP Inhibitors, PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Inhibitors, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), and DNA Repair Pathway Targeting Agents, etc. Conclusion: Recent innovations in biomarkers help in the early diagnosis of PC. The advanced stage of PC is well-treated with either single Immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or combinations of both for extending patient survival and hope.