肿瘤细胞治疗研究
英文原题：Evolving frontiers in bladder cancer immunotherapy: integrating BCG, immune checkpoints, viral vectors, nanotechnology, and CAR-based therapies.
Evolving frontiers in bladder cancer immunotherapy: integrating BCG, immune checkpoints, viral vectors, nanotechnology, and CAR-based therapies.
这些策略标志着从传统膀胱内治疗向个性化且持久的免疫治疗干预的范式转变。
膀胱癌（BC）仍然是一种高复发率的常见恶性肿瘤，尽管已有标准治疗。卡介苗（BCG）是非肌层浸润性膀胱癌（NMIBC）治疗的基石；然而，近一半患者会出现复发或产生耐药，凸显了替代策略的必要性。免疫治疗的最新进展重塑了治疗格局。免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）可恢复T细胞功能，并在BCG无应答疾病中显示出临床活性。基于病毒载体的方法，包括nadofaragene firadenovec和CG0070，可提供局部免疫激活，而CAR-T和CAR-NK疗法等细胞平台则提供对肿瘤抗原的精准靶向。与此同时，基于纳米技术的递送系统和抗体-药物偶联物（ADCs）通过提高肿瘤特异性细胞毒性来增强疗效和安全性。总体而言，这些策略标志着从传统膀胱内治疗向个性化和持久免疫治疗干预的范式转变。识别预测性生物标志物和合理的联合策略对于改善结局和指导BC的未来管理至关重要。
Bladder cancer (BC) remains a prevalent malignancy with high recurrence rates despite standard therapies. Bacille Calmette-Gu rin (BCG) is the cornerstone of treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC); however, nearly half of patients experience relapse or develop resistance, highlighting the need for alternative strategies. Recent advances in immunotherapy have reshaped the therapeutic landscape. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) restore T-cell function and show clinical activity in BCG-unresponsive disease. Viral vector-based approaches, including nadofaragene firadenovec and CG0070, provide localized immune activation, while cellular platforms such as CAR-T and CAR-NK therapies offer precision targeting of tumor antigens. Concurrently, nanotechnology-based delivery systems and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) enhance efficacy and safety by improving tumor-specific cytotoxicity. Collectively, these strategies signify a paradigm shift from traditional intravesical therapy toward personalized and durable immunotherapeutic interventions. Identification of predictive biomarkers and rational combination strategies will be critical to improving outcomes and guiding the future management of BC.
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