肿瘤细胞治疗研究
英文原题：Nanomaterials to improve cancer immunotherapy based on ex vivo engineered T cells and NK cells.
Nanomaterials to improve cancer immunotherapy based on ex vivo engineered T cells and NK cells.
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近年来，嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T 细胞疗法的临床成功推动了利用体外工程化免疫细胞（如 T 细胞和自然杀伤（NK）细胞）的癌症免疫疗法的蓬勃发展。
近年来，嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T细胞疗法的临床成功推动了利用体外工程化免疫细胞（如T细胞和自然杀伤（NK）细胞）进行癌症免疫治疗的蓬勃发展。然而，要使这种新型疗法广泛适用于癌症患者，仍需解决若干问题，因为当前的CAR-T 细胞疗法仅对部分血液系统恶性肿瘤有效，且对许多患者而言在经济上不可行。在本综述中，我们描述了为克服体外工程化T/NK细胞当前局限性而开发的各种基于纳米材料的方法，以及每种方法所依据的关键生物学原理。首先，总结了用于改善T/NK细胞体外扩增的纳米材料以及设计纳米材料时T/NK细胞激活的基本原理。其次，讨论了基于纳米材料的基因递送方法以生成基因工程化T/NK细胞，重点强调了提高转染效率所面临的挑战。第三，描述了负载于T/NK细胞以增强其抗肿瘤功能并克服肿瘤微环境的纳米材料，同时阐述了T/NK细胞的关键生物学特征，这些特征对于纳米材料负载及药物从纳米材料中释放至关重要。特别地，我们基于每种细胞类型的生物学特征，评论了针对T细胞和NK细胞所开发方法的异同。
Recent clinical successes of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy have led the booming of developments in cancer immunotherapy utilizing ex vivo engineered immune cells such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. However, a number of issues need to be resolved for this novel therapy to become widely applicable to cancer patients as current CAR-T cell therapies are only successful in treating some blood cancers, and economically not feasible for many patients. In this review, we describe various nanomaterial-based approaches developed to overcome current limitations in ex vivo engineered T/NK cells, along with key biological principles underlying each approach. First, nanomaterials developed to improve ex vivo expansion of T/NK cells and the basic principles of T/NK cell activation for designing nanomaterials are summarized. Second, nanomaterial-based gene delivery methods to generate genetically engineered T/NK cells are discussed with an emphasis on challenges in improving transfection efficacy. Third, nanomaterials loaded to T/NK cells to enhance their anti-tumor functions and to overcome tumor microenvironment are described with key biological characteristics of T/NK cells, which are essential for nanomaterial loading and drug release from the nanomaterials. In particular, we comment on similarities and differences of methods developed for T cells and NK cells based on the biological characteristics of each cell type.
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