决定异体 CAR T 细胞排斥与扩增的细胞和分子机制
Cellular and molecular mechanisms determining allogeneic CAR T cell rejection and expansion.
我们评估了11例接受单一批次cemacabtagene ansegedleucel(cema-cel)治疗的大B细胞淋巴瘤患者,cemacabtagene ansegedleucel是一种异体抗CD19 CAR T产品。
英文原题:Administration of T Lymphocytes for Prevention of Relapse of Lymphomas
这是一项 I 期注册临床试验,评估细胞治疗用于淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、肿瘤的安全性、可行性及初步疗效。当前状态:进行中(不再招募)。计划入组 18 例。试验地点:美国 · 教堂山、温斯顿-塞勒姆(共 2 个中心)。登记号:NCT02663297。
不限性别 · ≥ 3 Years
纳入标准: 筛选活检(第0步)资格标准: • 年龄≥18岁;目前尚无研究药物用于18岁以下患者的剂量或不良事件数据,因此不纳入儿童。 • 有生育能力的患者须在登记前2周内血清妊娠试验阴性;妊娠或哺乳者不得入组。有生育能力者指曾有月经初潮,且未接受子宫切除或双侧卵巢切除,或未自然绝经连续至少24个月(即此前连续24个月内曾有月经)的任何患者,不论是否接受过输卵管结扎。 • 患者须采取公认且有效的避孕方法,或避免性生活;从入组前、整个研究期间直至研究结束后4个月均不得计划受孕或使他人受孕。如患者或其伴侣在研究期间怀孕或怀疑怀孕,应立即告知治疗医生。 • 经组织学证实的实体瘤,或经组织学确诊且需要治疗的淋巴瘤或多发性骨髓瘤,并符合以下任一项:至少接受过一线标准全身治疗后疾病进展,且没有其他已获批或标准治疗被证明可延长总生存期(即在与其他标准治疗的随机试验中或与历史对照比较中证实);因医学原因不能接受此类治疗者,如符合其他入选条件亦可入组。若患者正在接受治疗,临床医生须在入组MATCH前确认现治疗已不再使患者获益,无论其是否属于标准治疗;或患者所患疾病不存在已被证明可延长总生存期的标准治疗。除以下情况外,不允许既往患有其他恶性肿瘤:已充分治疗的基底细胞癌或鳞状细胞皮肤癌、原位宫颈癌、已充分治疗且目前完全缓解的I或II期癌症,或已无病生存5年的其他癌症。 • 存在可测量病灶。 • 须满足以下要求:提交肿瘤组织,通过MATCH检测确认“罕见变异”;组织最好与用于确定患者是否适合分配治疗组的样本同期采集。停止既往全身抗癌治疗后方可登记第0步;只要符合所有资格条件,停药时间不作具体限制。在外部实验室既往基因检测与第0步登记之间,患者可接受其他非靶向治疗、免疫治疗或靶向治疗;如预期不再获益,是否停止治疗并参加MATCH由治疗医生决定,此类情形无需提供既往治疗无效的证明。对于相关“罕见变异”,患者须能在获知治疗分配后4周内满足相应子方案的资格条件。患者还须符合以下之一:根据当地临床实验室改进修正案(CLIA)检测,免疫组化(IHC)提示错配修复缺陷(MMRd)或聚合酶链式反应(PCR)提示微卫星不稳定(MSI),且有足够肿瘤组织提交进行强制性中央筛查IHC,患者可在获知治疗分配后4周内满足Z1M资格;或研究中心已收到指定外部实验室结果,显示存在特定子方案可靶向的“罕见变异/关注突变”(aMOI)。收到外部实验室可能符合资格的测序结果通知后,第0步登记没有固定时限;但治疗名额按登记先后分配,不为收到通知但未登记者保留。治疗分配及第1步登记期限可能在第0步登记后不久开始。部分“罕见变异”治疗组要求提交存档组织进行中央IHC以确定治疗分配,因此必须有足够组织可供提交。指定实验室判定的、可能符合“非罕见”治疗组条件的其他aMOI不适用于MATCH此流程。 • 不得需要使用全剂量香豆素衍生物抗凝药(如华法林);允许预防性或治疗性使用低分子肝素,也允许使用Xa因子抑制剂。参加EAY131期间不得开始使用华法林。活检前是否停用抗凝药应遵循研究中心标准操作规程(SOP)。 • ECOG体能状态≤1,预期寿命至少3个月。 • 当前不得接受其他研究性药物。 • 不得存在未控制的并发疾病,包括但不限于:有症状的充血性心力衰竭(纽约心脏协会[NYHA] III/IV级);登记第0、2、4或6步前6个月内发生不稳定型心绞痛、冠状动脉成形术或支架置入;国家癌症研究所(NCI)不良事件通用术语标准(CTCAE)4版≥2级的持续性心律失常;会妨碍遵守研究要求的精神疾病或社会状况;植入式心脏除颤器;已知心脏转移;超声心动图显示≥2级心脏瓣膜形态异常(临床需要时检查;1级异常,如轻度反流/狭窄,可入组;中度瓣膜增厚者不得入组)。接受研究药物时不得有持续或活动性感染等未控制的并发疾病;预计筛查后2周内无法消退的感染者不应入组。 • 能够吞服片剂或胶囊;任何会妨碍吞咽、留存或吸收药物的胃肠疾病均不符合资格。 • HIV阳性患者仅在符合以下条件时可入组:CD4+细胞计数≥250/mm³;若接受抗逆转录病毒治疗,该治疗与试验抗癌治疗的相互作用或毒性重叠须极少。对于存在CYP3A/4相互作用的试验抗癌药,不允许使用蛋白酶抑制剂;可考虑改用多替拉韦联合替诺福韦/恩曲他滨,或拉替拉韦联合替诺福韦和恩曲他滨;不得使用每日一次且含药理学增强剂的复方方案。除既往CD4+计数偏低外,无非恶性肿瘤相关的获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)定义性疾病史;若无癌症,预计HIV患者可长期生存。 • 既往治疗、放疗(剂量≤30 Gy的姑息性放疗除外)或大型手术须在开始治疗前≥4周完成;开始治疗时,既往治疗所致不良事件须恢复至≤1级(脱发和淋巴细胞减少除外)。姑息性放疗须在开始治疗前至少2周完成,且照射病灶不得作为可测量病灶。前列腺癌患者可继续使用促黄体生成素释放激素(LHRH)激动剂。通过原筛查流程入组者,如临床有需要,可在活检后、收到结果前接受非方案治疗;但登记第1步前须记录治疗无应答。第0步登记后不得新增非方案治疗作为过渡治疗;仅允许继续第0步登记前已接受的既往治疗。若患者存在aMOI,是否停止该过渡治疗由治疗医生决定;但接受任何MATCH方案治疗前须停用至少4周。通过指定外部实验室入组者,第0步登记后不得接受过渡性全身非方案治疗;本节所述既往治疗洗脱期、时间限制和目标子方案资格等其他要求仍适用。 • 脑转移或原发性脑肿瘤患者须在开始治疗前≥4周完成治疗、手术或放疗。 • 登记第0步前须停用类固醇≥1周,之后继续停用,但允许的情形除外。胶质母细胞瘤患者在登记治疗步骤(第1、3、5或7步)前,须已使用稳定剂量类固醇或停用类固醇至少1周。允许使用的类固醇(低剂量定义为泼尼松≤10 mg/日或其他皮质类固醇的生物等效剂量)包括:暂时用于CT造影剂过敏等情况、低剂量用于食欲、长期吸入剂、关节疾病注射剂、肾上腺功能不全的稳定替代剂量或用于非恶性疾病的低剂量、外用剂,以及子方案允许用于控制研究治疗毒性的类固醇;也允许按规定用于可接受的过渡化疗前后,但须在末次化疗时一并结束。 • 白细胞≥3,000/μL(第0步筛查登记前2周内及治疗步骤登记前4周内检测)。 • 中性粒细胞绝对计数(ANC)≥1,500/μL(第0步筛查登记前2周内及治疗步骤登记前4周内检测)。 • 血小板≥100,000/μL(第0步筛查登记前2周内及治疗步骤登记前4周内检测)。有记录证实淋巴瘤侵犯骨髓者无需满足上述血液学指标,但血小板须≥75,000/μL且中性粒细胞≥1,000/μL。 • 总胆红素≤机构正常值上限(ULN)的1.5倍;已记录Gilbert综合征者允许≤3倍ULN(第0步筛查登记前2周内及治疗步骤登记前4周内检测)。 • AST(血清谷草转氨酶[SGOT])/ALT(血清谷丙转氨酶[SGPT])≤机构ULN的2.5倍;有肝转移时允许≤5倍ULN(第0步筛查登记前2周内及治疗步骤登记前4周内检测)。 • 肌酐高于机构ULN者,肌酐清除率须≥45 mL/min/1.73 m²,按Cockcroft-Gault公式计算(第0步筛查登记前2周内及治疗步骤登记前4周内检测)。 • 筛查步骤登记前8周内须完成心电图(ECG),并满足:静息校正QT间期(QTc)≤480 ms。若首次QTc>480 ms,须再连续进行两次ECG,且三次静息QTc均值≤480 ms;建议各次ECG间隔10分钟(±5分钟)。仅当平均QTc>480 ms时评估以下项目:检测血清钾和镁;纠正低钾和/或低镁后可复查ECG,以确认是否因QTc排除;心率60–100次/分者无需人工判读QTc;基线心率<60或>100次/分者,须由受训人员人工判读QT并使用Fridericia公式校正;不得有低钾血症(低于机构正常值下限)。不得有增加QTc延长或心律失常风险的因素,如心力衰竭、先天性长QT综合征、长QT综合征家族史、40岁前不明原因猝死,或合用已知可延长QT间期的药物。筛查步骤(第0、2、4、6步)登记前须停用禁用药物,并持续停用;子方案为处理治疗相关毒性而允许的情况除外。治疗步骤(第1、3、5、7步)登记前,相关药物须停用至少5个半衰期;美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准药品的半衰期可查阅说明书。 首次治疗(第1步)资格标准: • 第0步使用外部实验室检测结果入组者,登记第0步后不得接受全身治疗。MATCH可能新增子方案、有限扩大特定子方案入组或修改各治疗组资格条件。因此,按原筛查方式入组但最初未匹配到治疗,或因名额不足未获治疗分配者,部分可能符合条件并可通过MATCHbox重新分析测序结果;须同时满足:样本采集时间在补充方案生效前5个月内(患者入组还需额外约1个月);筛查评估后5个月内未接受产生部分缓解(PR)或更佳疗效的治疗;符合资格条件,包括体能状态≤1且预期寿命至少3个月。例外情况下,可在治疗医生判断中期治疗未产生应答且预计不再获益后,停止非靶向、免疫或靶向治疗并返回MATCH;此类情况不要求提供无应答证明,但不得同时参加另一项研究性治疗试验,且患者不得仍在中期治疗中应答,以免未知获益的MATCH治疗替代正在有效的治疗。符合该条件者此时不再进行活检,而是重新分析第0步结果以判断是否有其他可用治疗。 第二次筛查(第2步)资格标准: • 第1步治疗后疾病进展,或无法耐受分配的治疗。通过指定外部实验室“罕见变异”进入第1步治疗者不得进入第2步。 • 若第1步治疗开始后<6个月即出现无应答并进展(或无法耐受进一步治疗),此时不进行活检,而重新分析第0步MATCH检测结果,以判断登记本步骤后是否有其他可用治疗;无需预先确认存在其他潜在治疗分配,仅可依据MATCH检测发现的aMOI判断相关子方案资格。或,患者在出现应答后进展,或自第1步治疗开始≥6个月后进展(或无法耐受进一步治疗),且肿瘤适合经皮活检;患者须愿意并能够接受肿瘤活检或骨髓穿刺,采集并提交肿瘤组织。若患者因医疗需要接受其他操作,也可在该操作中采集组织,由中央实验室判定是否存在特定关注的可靶向突变/扩增(aMOI);不接受存档样本。 • 须符合第0步资格标准。 • 第1步治疗不得基于指定外部实验室判定的“罕见变异”进行分配。 第二次治疗(第3步)资格标准: • 若患者在第2步提交筛查活检样本,可在活检后、收到结果前(如临床需要)接受非方案治疗,但登记第3步前须记录无应答;第2步登记后不得新增非方案治疗作为过渡治疗。若存在aMOI,是否停止非方案治疗由治疗医生决定,并适用上述洗脱期。 第三次筛查(第4步)资格标准: • 第3步治疗后疾病进展或无法耐受分配治疗,并符合以下之一:第3步(第二次)治疗开始后<6个月即无应答并进展(或无法耐受进一步治疗),且第2步筛查时已完成活检。此类患者此时不再活检,而重新分析最新MATCH检测结果,以判断登记本步骤后是否有其他可用治疗,无需预先确认存在其他潜在治疗分配;或,第3步治疗期间疾病进展(或无法耐受进一步治疗),且第2步筛查时未进行活检(原登记文本在此处截断)。 排除标准: • 细胞输注前6周内接受过任何研究性药物或肿瘤疫苗。 • 细胞输注前4周内接受过抗CD30抗体治疗。 • 对含鼠源蛋白制剂有超敏反应史。 • 妊娠或哺乳。 • 肿瘤位于一旦增大可能导致气道阻塞的部位。 • 当前全身使用泼尼松≥10 mg/日或等效剂量皮质类固醇;<10 mg/日者可由研究者酌情允许入组。 • 存在HIV、HTLV、HBV或HCV活动性感染(采集细胞时结果可待定,仅使用确认无活动性感染的样本制备转导细胞)。活动性感染指治疗未能良好控制;须HIV抗体或病毒载量阴性、HTLV-1/2抗体阴性、乙肝表面抗原阴性、HCV抗体或病毒载量阴性。
Inclusion Criteria:
* Informed consent explained to, understood by and signed by patient/guardian; patient/guardian given copy of informed consent.
* 3 to 17 years of age for pediatric patients, ≥18 years of age for adults; NOTE: children will not be allowed to enroll in a dose cohort until a minimum of 2 adult subjects are enrolled and complete their DLT assessment follow-up at that dose level
* Diagnosis of recurrent HL with a treatment plan that will include high dose chemotherapy with/without total body irradiation and autologous cell transplantation
* NHL patients with ALK negative CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphomas, CD30+ ALCL regardless of ALK status, with chemotherapy-sensitive relapse, CD30+ high-risk DLBCL, CD30+ cutaneous T cell lymphoma, or CD30+ mycosis fungoides who are otherwise eligible for transplant, are eligible for this study
* CD30+ disease (result can be pending at the time of cell procurement, but must be confirmed prior to treatment with ATLCAR.CD30 cells); NOTE: CD30 + disease is defined as requiring documentation of CD30 expression by immunohistochemistry based on the institutional hematopathology standard.
* Evidence of adequate organ function as defined by:
* The following is required prior to procurement (NOTE: labs do not need to be redrawn if they have already been performed as part of SOC pre-transplant work-up; Subject must be eligible to receive ASCT)
* Hgb ≥ 8.0g/dL
* Bilirubin ≤1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
* AST ≤ 3 times ULN
* Serum creatinine ≤1.5 times ULN
* Cardiac and pulmonary function that is adequate for ASCT
* The following is required prior to infusion of ATLCAR.CD30 cells:
* Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥500 cells/mm\^3 for 3 consecutive days; Note: ANC may be measured at the beginning and the end of a time frame expanding at least 3 days and does not need to be evaluated on each individual day AND
* Platelet count ≥25,000 cells/mm\^3 without transfusion over preceding 5 days Note: Platelets may be measured at the beginning and the end of a time frame expanding at least 5 days and does not need to be evaluated on each individual day AND
* Hg ≥8g/dL without transfusion support over preceding 5 days Note: Hg may be measured at the beginning and the end of a time frame expanding at least 3 days and does not need to be evaluated on each individual day
* Bilirubin ≤1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
* AST ≤ 3 times ULN
* Serum creatinine ≤1.5 times ULN
* Pulse oximetry of \> 90% on room air
* Imaging results from within 60 days prior to transplant (used as baseline measure for documentation of disease status). Note: Results may be obtained at a time point greater than 30 days from transplant if obtained per the patient's standard of care and with prior sponsor approval.
* Negative serum pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to procurement and again 72 hours prior to infusion
* Karnofsky or Lansky score of \> 60%
* Considered at high risk for relapse as defined by: The presence of ≥ 1 of the following: failure to achieve CR post initial treatment; relapsed disease with an initial remission duration of \<12 months; or extranodal involvement at the start of pre-transplant salvage therapy
* Subjects must have autologous transduced activated T cells that meet the Certificate of Analysis (CoA) acceptance criteria
* Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) should be willing to use 2 methods of birth control or be surgically sterile, or abstain from heterosexual activity for the course of the study, and for 6 months after the study is concluded. WOCBP are those who have not been surgically sterilized or have not been free from menses for \> 1 year. The two birth control methods can be composed of: two barrier methods or a barrier method plus a hormonal method to prevent pregnancy. The male partner of WOCBP subjects enrolled into the trial should be instructed to use a condom by their female partner enrolled in the trial.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Received any investigational agents or received any tumor vaccines within the previous six weeks prior to cell infusion.
* Received anti-CD30 antibody-based therapy within the previous 4 weeks prior to cell infusion
* History of hypersensitivity reactions to murine protein-containing products
* Pregnant or lactating
* Tumor in a location where enlargement could cause airway obstruction.
* Current use of systemic corticosteroids at doses ≥10mg/day prednisone or its equivalent; those receiving \<10mg/day may be enrolled at discretion of investigator
* Active infection with HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV (can be pending at the time of cell procurement; only those samples confirming lack of active infection will be used to generate transduced cells) . Active infection is defined as not being well controlled on therapy (Note: To meet eligibility subjects are required to be negative for HIV antibody or HIV viral load, negative for HTLV1 and 2 antibody, negative for Hepatitis B surface antigen, or negative for HCV antibody or HCV viral load).以上为辅助阅读译文。是否适合入组须由主治医生判断,最终以登记平台与研究者确认为准。
主要终点:Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability of Escalating Doses of Autologous Activated T Lymphocytes · The Maximum tolerated dose was based on the rate of dose-limiting toxicity. Toxicity was classified and graded according to the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, version 4.0), and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). The number of subjects with dose-limiting toxicity was recorded.CTCAE Grade 1 Mild, Grade 2 Moderate, Grade 3, Grade 4 Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated. Grade 5 Death related to AE. Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) will be graded according to American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT) CRS Consensus Grading. Grade 1 - Mild Grade 2 - Moderate, Grade 3 - Severe (Aggressive Intervention): Grade 4 - Life-threatening (Life-sustaining intervention): Fever ≥38oC, Hypotension requiring multiple vasopressors, Hypoxia requiring positive pressure (e.g., CPAP, BiPAP, intubation, mechanical ventilation), Grade 5 - Death: Death. · 6 weeks
次要终点:To Measure the Survival of ATLCAR.CD30 in Vivo;To Estimate PFS After Infusion of ATLCAR.CD30 Post ASCT in Patients With CD30+ Lymphoma at High Risk for Relapse;Determine the Overall Survival After Infusion of ATLCAR.CD30
本研究将评估三个剂量水平的ATLCAR.CD30细胞。采用改良连续再评估法(CRM):每个剂量水平先纳入2例患者,之后逐例入组,直至至少治疗12例。每位患者按下述给药方案接受一次细胞输注。研究者将从既往一项采用含CD28共刺激结构域CAR-T细胞的研究中使用过的最低细胞剂量(2×10^7个细胞/m²)开始,逐步递增至该研究使用过的最高剂量(2×10^8个细胞/m²)。 注:剂量递增阶段最初仅纳入成人。某一剂量水平至少有2名成人接受治疗且未发生剂量限制性毒性(DLT)后,方可依据CRM在该剂量水平纳入儿童。
人体有多种抵御感染和疾病的方式,但单一方式似乎不足以有效抗癌。本研究结合抗体和T细胞这两种抗病机制。抗体是保护机体免受细菌或毒性物质所致疾病影响的蛋白质,可与这些病原体或物质结合,阻止其生长并造成有害影响。T细胞又称T淋巴细胞,是能够杀伤其他细胞(包括肿瘤细胞或受感染细胞)的特殊免疫细胞。抗体和T细胞都曾用于治疗癌症,也都显示出潜力,但单独使用通常不足以治愈大多数患者。本研究旨在将两者结合,开发更有效的治疗。研究中的疗法称为靶向CD30抗原的自体T淋巴细胞嵌合抗原受体细胞(ATLCAR.CD30)。 既往研究表明,可将一种新基因导入T细胞,增强其识别和杀伤癌细胞的能力。基因是DNA的功能单位,携带可能决定眼睛颜色、身高和性别等人体特征的遗传信息。本研究导入T细胞的基因可使其表达一种抗体片段,即抗CD30抗体。该抗体可在血液中识别并结合淋巴瘤细胞表面的CD30。抗CD30抗体曾用于治疗淋巴瘤,但单独使用通常不足以治愈大多数患者。本研究对抗CD30抗体进行了改造:不再让其游离于血液中,而是将其中能结合淋巴瘤细胞的部分连接到T细胞上。这种与T细胞相连的抗体称为嵌合受体。表达CD30嵌合受体并经活化的T细胞似乎能够杀伤部分肿瘤,但它们在体内存续时间不长,因此其抗癌效果尚不明确。 本研究旨在确定自体移植后可安全给予受试者的ATLCAR.CD30细胞剂量,并初步评估未来向其他淋巴瘤患者输注此类细胞是否有益。研究者还将观察输注移植后ATLCAR.CD30细胞产生的副作用,并评估其对肿瘤的影响以及在体内存续的时间。
The body has different ways of fighting infection and disease. No single way seems perfect for fighting cancer. This research study combines two different ways of fighting disease: antibodies and T cells. Antibodies are proteins that protect the body from disease caused by bacteria or toxic substances. Antibodies work by binding those bacteria or substances, which stops them from growing and causing bad effects. T cells, also called T lymphocytes, are special infection-fighting blood cells that can kill other cells, including tumor cells or cells that are infected. Both antibodies and T cells have been used to treat patients with cancers. They both have shown promise, but neither alone has been sufficient to cure most patients. This study is designed to combine both T cells and antibodies to create a more effective treatment. The treatment that is being researched is called autologous T lymphocyte chimeric antigen receptor cells targeted against the CD30 antigen (ATLCAR.CD30) administration. In previous studies, it has been shown that a new gene can be put into T cells that will increase their ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. A gene is a unit of DNA. Genes make up the chemical structure carrying the patient's genetic information that may determine human characteristics (i.e., eye color, height and sex). The new gene that is put in the T cells in this study makes a piece of an antibody called anti-CD30. This antibody floats around in the blood and can detect and stick to cancer cells called lymphoma cells because they have a substance on the outside of the cells called CD30. Anti-CD30 antibodies have been used to treat people with lymphoma, but have not been strong enough to cure most patients. For this study, the anti-CD30 antibody has been changed so that instead of floating free in the blood part of it is now joined to the T cells. Only the part of the antibody that sticks to the lymphoma cells is attached to the T cells instead of the entire antibody. When an antibody is joined to a T cell in this way it is called a chimeric receptor. These CD30 chimeric (combination) receptor-activated T cells seem to kill some of the tumor, but they do not last very long in the body and so their chances of fighting the cancer are unknown. The purpose of this research study is to determine a safe dose of the ATLCAR.CD30 cells that can be given to subjects after undergoing an autologous transplant. This is the first step in determining whether giving ATLCAR.CD30 cells to others with lymphoma in the future will help them. The researchers also want to find out what side effects patients will have after they receive the ATLCAR.CD30 cells post-transplant. This study will also look at other effects of ATLCAR.CD30 cells, including their effect on your cancer and how long they will survive in your body.
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